Introduction
All praise is due to Allah Lord of the worlds, and peace be upon our
noble messenger Muhammed ﷺ. What follows is a summarized proof for
Islam, simplified for average readers.
The key to Islam is the testimony of faith, which is to bear witness
that there is only One God and that Muhammed ﷺ is His messenger.
Accordingly, the foundational claims of Islam are three: that God
exists, that God is One, that Muhammed ﷺ is a prophet of God.
Section 1 - The World is Emergent
The existence of God is established by realizing that the bodies that
make up the observable world around us, are all emergent. This
necessitates the existence of a being that brought them into existence.
“Emergent” meaning: their existence is preceded by their
non-existence. In other words, they began to exist. That which is
emergent will be called an “event”.
“Body” meaning: that with dimensions (a height, width or depth)
stretched out in space. Like stars, planets, mountains, oceans, plants,
animals, humans...etc.
All bodies are emergent because the alternative is absurd. The alternative being the existence of a body that is beginningless.
It is impossible for a beginningless body to exist, because a body is
inseparable from either the state of motion, or the state of rest.
Meaning: it is impossible for a body to be neither at rest nor moving.
So if a beginningless body existed, it would either have been:
- moving for eternity past
- at rest for eternity past
- alternating between motion and rest for eternity past
All three of the above is impossible, and that which entails
impossibility is impossible. So it is impossible for a beginningless
body to exist. Proof for the impossibility of each category follows
below.
(1) a body that was moving for eternity past
This is impossible because the state of motion exists contingently for a
body. Meaning: a body that is moving, could have been not-moving. Since
the state of motion exists contingently, this means it was brought into
existence by some specifier that selected motion over the possible
alternative. And since the state of motion was brought into existence,
it could not have been beginningless. Therefore a body moving for
eternity past is impossible.
It is also impossible for a body to have been moving for eternity past,
because motion is the body changing its location over time. Every
transition from one location to another is an event in time, and it is
impossible for an infinite number of events to have been completed in
the past. And since the number of events in the past is finite, it is
the case that the state of motion is emergent.
The statement: “it is impossible for an infinite number of events to have been completed in the past” is true because “infinite” is equivalent to endlessness, while “completed”
is equivalent to coming to an end. Therefore, an infinite sequence of
events cannot be completed, since that is contradictory. It is like
saying an endlessness came to an end. For this same reason, it is
impossible for someone to finish counting all the negative numbers and
finally reach zero. There’s an infinite number of negative numbers, you
cannot “finish” counting them all.
(2) a body that was at rest for eternity past
This is impossible for the same two reasons the first category was impossible.
The state of rest exists contingently. A body that is at rest, could
have been not-resting. Accordingly, the state of rest could not have
been beginningless.
It is also impossible for a body to be at rest for eternity past,
because rest is the body maintaining its same location over time. Every
moment the body remains at rest in, is an event in time. And it is
impossible for an infinite number of events to have been completed in
the past.
(3) a body that was alternating between motion and rest for eternity past
This is impossible because each alternation from one state to another is
an event in time, and it is impossible for an infinite number of events
to have been completed in the past.
Therefore, All Bodies are Emergent
Given the impossibility of the three categories, it is the case that all
bodies are emergent. This means all those bodies that make up the world
around us - the sun, the moon, the trees..etc. - began to exist. From
there, we can deduce the existence of God.
Section 2 - The Existence of God
“God” meaning: the beginningless creator.
The emergence of all bodies necessitates the existence of a being that
brought those bodies into existence. Let’s call this being “the
creator”, since this being brings things into existence (and this is
what “create” means).
The creator that brought those bodies into existence is either without beginning, or is emergent.
If the creator is without beginning, then the existence of God is
established. Since a beginningless creator is what we intend when we say
“God”.
If the creator is emergent, then this creator would itself be contingent
upon a second creator to have brought it into existence. This could not
have regressed to the past infinitely, as that necessitates the
completion of an infinite number of past events (which is impossible, as
detailed above). It is therefore the case that a beginningless creator
necessarily exist.
Therefore, God necessarily exists.
It is also necessary that the Creator of the emergent world be
attributed with the ability to bring the emergent world into existence.
Otherwise, there would be no sense in Him being the “Creator”. This
ability to bring things into existence is what we call “Power”.
God also, cannot be a mechanical cause for the existence of the world
(such that the effect only exists because the cause exists), since God
is beginningless while the world is emergent (a beginningless mechanical
cause, would instead yield a beginningless effect). It is therefore
necessary that the Creator of the emergent world be attributed with a
quality that allows Him to select existence for this specific world
(with all its specific properties) over the possible alternatives. This
attribute is what is called “Will”.
God is also necessarily attributed with Knowledge. In order for a being
to volitionally select one choice over others, this being must possess
knowledge of those choices. As such, it is impossible for a being
attributed with Will to not also be attributed with Knowledge. And since
the Creator is necessarily attributed with Will, He is therefore
necessarily attributed with Knowledge.
Section 3 - God is One
God is necessarily One because the alternative is absurd. The alternative being a multiplicity of creators.
If there was a second creator, then this second creator would either:
- be able to disagree with the first creator.
- be unable to disagree with the first creator.
Both of the categories listed above are impossible. And that which
entails impossibility is impossible. So if we can demonstrate the
impossibility of the two categories, we can demonstrate the
impossibility of partnership to the Creator.
(1) The second creator is able to disagree with the first creator
This is impossible because possibilities are mutually exclusive with
their negations. So if the two creators could disagree with one another,
this would lead to contradiction.
For example: suppose there were two creators, and suppose the existence
of some body. If we believe that those creators could disagree: this
means one creator can move the body, while the other creator can keep
the body at rest. Obviously however, this body cannot be both at rest
and in motion (since rest and motion are mutually exclusive).
(2) the second creator is unable to disagree with the first creator
This is impossible because it means this second creator is forced to
agree with the other. This entails contingency, which is impossible for a
beginningless Creator who is necessarily non-contingent.
For example: suppose there were two creators, and suppose the existence
of some body. If we believe that those creators could not disagree: this
means that if the first creator moved the body, the second creator
cannot keep the body at rest. This second creator is helpless, weaker
than the first, and forced to comply with what the first creator
decides. It means this second creator’s will and power have been
specified by the will and power of the first creator, and this is
impossible.
Therefore, God is One
The impossibility of both categories was demonstrated above. Therefore,
it is impossible for there to exist a partner to the One Creator. All
events that emerge into existence, emerge by this One Creator’s Will and
Power, and no one else’s.
Section 4 - Prophethood
God can choose to reveal certain commandments to a single man so that
this man can then deliver those commandments to the rest of mankind.
This is possible for God to do (not necessary nor impossible). This man
would be called a prophet.
To convince mankind that a claimant to prophethood is truthful, God can
aid this prophet with miracles. A miracle is an extraordinary event that
God aids His prophet with in order to prove this prophet’s truthfulness
to doubters. It is equivalent to God saying: “this man has told the
truth about Me.” As such, if we know a miracle occurred for some
claimant to prophethood, then we can know that this claimant to
prophethood is truthful. A useful analogy to help conceptualize this:
Imagine you were attending an important gathering at the Royal Palace.
In the throne-room, you see the King sitting atop his throne.
Surrounding the King are his guards, his viziers, as well as the
noblemen of the kingdom.
Suddenly a Stranger enters the throne-room, and begins offering a
declaration to the crowd in a loud and clear voice. Everyone else falls
silent and listens to this Stranger’s speech. The Stranger begins: “O
people, I am a messenger from your King to you.” The Stranger points to
the King, who is sitting on the throne in front of him. The Stranger
continues: “The words which I will speak to you are not my own, but are
the words of your King who sent me. Whatever I command, I command in
your King’s name. And whatever I forbid, I forbid in your King’s name.”
You notice that the King is silently sitting on his throne. The King is
looking directly at this Stranger. He can clearly hear this Stranger
make those claims. With a gesture of his hand, the King could order the
guards to seize this Stranger and behead him where he stands to prove
that he is a liar. But the King does not do that. The King continues to
silently listen to the Stranger’s declaration.
The Stranger continues: “Whoever obeys those commandments which I will
deliver to you from your King, the King has promised to reward
graciously tomorrow morning. And whoever disobeys those commandments,
the King has threatened to behead tomorrow morning…”
The King is still silently listening to the Stranger make his claims.
The Stranger finishes his declaration by saying: “…And to prove that I
really am a messenger from the King, the King has told me that he would
stand up and then sit down three times consecutively after I complete
this sentence.”
Once the Stranger completes this sentence, all eyes turn to the King.
Suddenly the King - and without uttering a word to the crowd - stands up
then sits down, then stands up then sits down, then stands up then sits
down.
Now we ask: at this moment, and after witnessing what transpired in this
gathering, can there be any doubt that this Stranger is a true
messenger from the King? No. The sincere truth-seeker would hold no
doubt. Even if the King verbally declared “He is my messenger” then this
would not have been any more convincing. Rather, an observer to this
scene would attain certainty that the Stranger was a messenger from the
King.
The King standing up and sitting down three times consecutively, was an
extraordinary event that occurred upon the request of the Stranger who
claimed to have been a messenger from the King. By knowing that this
extraordinary event occurred, one attains certainty that this Stranger
was indeed telling the truth. Similarly, we can be certain that a
claimant to prophethood is truthful if this claimant is aided by an
extraordinary event (i.e. a miracle).
Section 5 - The Prophethood of Muhammed
We can know with certainty that Muhammed ﷺ is a Prophet of God. This knowledge is established by Mass Transmitted proofs.
Information relayed to us by Mass Transmission provides certainty
because it is inconceivable for those relaying this information to all
get together and conspire to tell the same lie. For example: a man today
might not have personally visited Japan. However, this man can be
certain that a country called Japan actually exists. This is because the
information relayed to this man about Japan reached him from so many
different sources, that it becomes inconceivable for all those people to
have gotten together in a grand conspiracy to lie about the existence
of Japan.
We know Muhammed ﷺ claimed prophethood by Mass Transmission.
We know Muhammed ﷺ is a true Prophet for several reasons, all supported by Mass Transmission. Three of which include:
5.1 The Quran
Muhammed ﷺ was aided with the Quran, which is a miracle in its own
right. And a claimant to prophethood, who is aided by a miracle, is
certainly a prophet.
The Quran is a literary miracle. The language of the Quran is unlike any
other Arabic text. Linguistically, it is vastly superior to anything
that came before it, and vastly superior to everything that came after.
The non-Arabic speaker might not be able to directly appreciate why the
Quran is linguistically miraculous, but they can indirectly deduce this
by considering the following facts:
First: the Quran challenges the reader to produce a Chapter like
it . This is a challenge that the Quran lays out for anyone who doubts
its miraculousness. We know for certain that the Quran actually made
this challenge, because we know the Quran has been preserved throughout
history. We know it has been preserved, because it reached us by way of
Mass Transmission.
Second: the Arabs of Muhammed’s ﷺ time were expert poets. Likely,
the best in the Arabic language in all of history. The Arabic language
became diluted over time as Islam spread around the world. Non-Arabs
learning Arabic were often not as proficient as native speakers, and
quirky dialects for the language emerged all over the Muslim world. It
is unlikely that Arabic - as a commonly spoken language - will ever
return to the pristine condition it once enjoyed during the years of
pre-Islamic and early Islamic Arabia. All of the above is known by Mass
Transmission. To this day, Arabic linguists use pre-Islamic and early
Islamic poetry as a template for grammatical and linguistic rules.
Third: the pagan Arabs of Muhammed’s ﷺ time were heavily invested
in destroying Islam, and disproving the prophethood of Muhammed ﷺ. This
is also known by Mass transmission. It is common knowledge that
Muhammed ﷺ fought many wars against the Pagans.
From the above, one can deduce the following: if the pagan Arabs were
truly capable of fulfilling the Quranic challenge, and given their
extreme desire to destroy Islam, they would have saved themselves the
time, money, and manpower, and they would have simply cooperated with
each other in order to produce a text which rivaled the Quran
linguistically. But they did not, and Islam ultimately prevailed (this
is also known by Mass Transmission). And this is despite the poetic
proficiency of the pagan Arabs.
With the above, the miraculousness of the Quran’s language can be appreciated, even by the non-Arabic speaker.
5.2 Physical Miracles
Muhammed ﷺ was aided by many physical miracles. Miracles including
accurately prophesying future events, multiplication of food and water,
and instantaneously healing wounds. In totality, there are hundreds upon
hundreds of different narrations reporting the miracles Muhammed ﷺ was
aided with.
All those miracles, when taken collectively, provide Mass Transmitted
proof that Muhammed ﷺ was aided by some miracle. And a claimant to
prophethood, who is aided by a miracle, is certainly a prophet.
5.3 His Life
The Prophethood of Muhammed ﷺ can also be established by considering his life.
Either Muhammed ﷺ was sincere, or he was a liar. “Sincere” meaning: he
truly believed that he was recieving revelation from God. “Liar”
meaning: he knew that he was not receiving revelation from God, and
deliberately lied by claiming that he was.
The second option (that he was a deliberate liar) is certainly false, so
the first (that he was sincere) is certainly true. We know the second
option is false, because we know (by Mass Transmission) that Muhammed ﷺ
refused bribery and suffered through hardship in order to deliver the
message of Islam. Muhammed ﷺ suffered persecution in Mecca. He risked
his life fighting many wars to defend the cause of Islam. He also lived
humbly, spending all his wealth to serve the religion. Those are not the
qualities of a liar.
We can only conclude that Muhammed ﷺ was - at the very least - personally convinced that he was a Prophet.
Given Muhammed’s ﷺ sincerity: either he was a true Prophet, or he was
madman. “True Prophet” meaning: He truly believed to have been
communicating with God, and he actually was communicating with God.
“Madman” meaning: He truly believed to have been communicating with God,
but he actually was not communicating with God (i.e. he was a madman
who was just hearing voices in his head, a man who thought himself a
prophet when he actually wasn’t).
The second option (that he was a madman) is certainly false, so the
first (that he was a true Prophet) is certainly true. We know the second
option is false, because we know (by Mass Transmission) that Muhammed ﷺ
was an exceedingly successful man. To assume he was successful because of his madness (i.e. because
of the voices in his head) is especially ludicrous. Muhammed ﷺ started
out his life as an orphan without anything, and ended his life as ruler
over all of Arabia. He was a military genius, diplomat and the leader of
a successful nation. His Companions were able to - thanks to his
leadership and example - conquer the two super powers of the world in
their time (the Sassanids, and the Byzantines).
It is inconceivable that someone as successful as Muhammed ﷺ was a
madman. It is especially inconceivable that such a man was successful because of his madness. Therefore, we can only conclude that he truly was a Prophet of God.
Section 6 - The Rest of Revelation
Now that the existence and Oneness of God was established, and the
Prophethood of Muhammed ﷺ was established, it becomes incumbent upon the
sane and mature person to affirm everything that can be reliably traced
back to Prophet Muhammed ﷺ.
The sane and mature person must believe in: the finality of prophethood
with Prophet Muhammed ﷺ, the day of resurrection, in the eternal reward
for the believers, in the eternal punishment of the disbelievers, as
well as belief in anything else that can be reliably traced back to the
Prophet ﷺ.
The sane and mature thinker must also submit to the Law that the Prophet
ﷺ delivered from Allah سبحانه و تعالى (the name of God according to
revelation), and instructed mankind to abide by.
Conclusion
The three core claims that the Islamic faith is founded upon have been
proven above. The three claims being: the existence of God, the Oneness
of God, and the prophethood of Muhammed ﷺ. Examining the arguments
offered above in more depth, can also provide proof against many of the
false religions in the world today.
And Allah سبحانه و تعالى is the one who guides and leads astray. With
His mercy, He guides whomsoever He wills from the darkness of disbelief
and ignorance, to the light of faith and knowledge.